NileQT87
Billowy Coat, King of Pain
Translation circuit
A translation circuit, or translation matrix, was a part of a TARDIS that allowed for the instantaneous translation of most languages spoken or written in the universe. As the Ninth Doctor once told Rose Tyler, the translation circuit was a "gift of the TARDIS, a telepathic field that gets...
The TARDIS famously has a translation circuit. When companions land in various places that are undoubtedly not speaking English (starting with the first adventure ever being to the time of cavemen!), the companion hears/sees whatever they understand. They're also seemingly tricked into it not looking like bad dubbing.
Not all of the Doctor's companions have even been humans from Earth either, as Romana is a fellow Time Lady, Leela is a hybridized future near-human (a survey team that became the tribal Sevateem), Adric is from Alzareus, Nyssa is from Traken, Vislor Turlough is from Trion, etc... Nyssa and Adric are literally not even from the same dimension (they're from E-Space)! Nardole is a more recent alien companion.
Australian Tegan Jovanka was undoubtedly speaking to *a lot* of non-English-speaking companions. She was utterly surrounded by aliens. Interestingly, the TARDIS wasn't translating the Australian aborigines, but Tegan knew it (oddly). The languages might be limited to what the Doctor or the TARDIS' data bank knows.
Katarina (first companion to die) was an ancient Trojan handmaiden, so yet another companion who undoubtedly didn't know a word of English.
Note that the 3rd Doctor had a humorous moment describing the inhabitants of the planet Delphon 'speaking' by moving their eyebrows, so the languages he speaks are not all verbal.
This is sometimes used for humor like when Donna Noble tries to speak Latin ("Veni, vidi, vici.") in Pompeii and they think she's speaking Welsh. In the last Big Finish audio I listened to, Jamie McCrimmon (who famously speaks in a Scots dialect with lots of ochs and ayes) kept saying he doesn't speak any French, only for the person he was speaking to reply that he is speaking French flawlessly (it's assumed he's trying to be funny, rather than serious).
However, the Doctor seemingly can at will turn it off for random little phrases, as the 10th Doctor famously says "allons-y" and "molto bene" quite often. The 3rd and 11th Doctors also sing La donna è mobile (in Italian) in the shower. It seems to be quite selective for him and what he wants people to hear (hence turning Latin into Welsh).
When the 10th Doctor is knocked out unconscious, the TARDIS translation circuit has ceased to work; meaning that nobody can understand the Sycorax until he wakes up. The Doctor has thus been proven to be part of the circuit; and if he's broken, the translation circuit is broken.
The real questions thus become what languages does the Doctor *really* speak without the TARDIS, which language does he speak/hear normally and is there a Gallifreyan accent being covered up. Fanfiction has definitely made use of this. Whovians definitely ponder such things.
Note that after Dodo Chaplet nearly killed a whole future human settlement and future human companion Steven Taylor with the common cold, the Doctor has also seemingly begun inoculating all of his companions against all the major diseases. And given Martha Jones' story in Torchwood, it wasn't done with their permission/knowledge.
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